Sparse Autoencoders Reveal Interpretable and Steerable Features in VLA Models

Abstract

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have emerged as a promising approach for general-purpose robot manipulation. However, their generalization is inconsistent: while these models can perform impressively in some settings, fine-tuned variants often fail on novel objects, scenes, and instructions. We apply mechanistic interpretability techniques to better understand the inner workings of VLA models. To probe internal representations, we train Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) on hidden layer activations of the VLA. SAEs learn a sparse dictionary whose features act as a compact, interpretable basis for the model's computation. We find that the large majority of extracted SAE features correspond to memorized sequences from specific training demonstrations. However, some features correspond to interpretable, general, and steerable motion primitives and semantic properties, offering a promising glimpse toward VLA generalizability. We propose a metric to categorize features according to whether they represent generalizable transferable primitives or episode-specific memorization. We validate these findings through steering experiments on the LIBERO benchmark. We show that individual SAE features causally influence robot behavior. Steering general features induces behaviors consistent with their semantic meaning and can be applied across tasks and scenes. This work provides the first mechanistic evidence that VLAs can learn generalizable features across tasks and scenes. We observe that supervised fine-tuning on small robotics datasets disproportionately amplifies memorization. In contrast, training on larger, more diverse datasets (e.g., DROID) or using knowledge insulation promotes more general features. We provide an open-source codebase and user-friendly interface for activation collection, SAE training, and feature steering. Our project page is located at http://drvla.github.io