Interactive Imitation Learning in Robotics: A Survey

Abstract

Existing robotics technology is still mostly limited to being used by expert programmers who can adapt the systems to new required conditions, but not flexible and adaptable by non-expert workers or end-users. Imitation Learning (IL) has obtained considerable attention as a potential direction for enabling all kinds of users to easily program the behavior of robots or virtual agents. Interactive Imitation Learning (IIL) is a branch of Imitation Learning (IL) where human feedback is provided intermittently during robot execution allowing an online improvement of the robot’s behavior. In this monograph, research in IIL is presented and low entry barriers for new practitioners are facilitated by providing a survey of the field that unifies and structures it. In addition, awareness of its potential is raised, what has been accomplished and what are still open research questions being covered. Highlighted are the most relevant works in IIL in terms of human-robot interaction (i.e., types of feedback), interfaces (i.e., means of providing feedback), learning (i.e., models learned from feedback and function approximators), user experience (i.e., human perception about the learning process), applications, and benchmarks. Furthermore, similarities and differences between IIL and Reinforcement Learning (RL) are analyzed, providing a discussion on how the concepts offline, online, off-policy and on-policy learning should be transferred to IIL from the RL literature. Particular focus is given to robotic applications in the real world and their implications are discussed, and limitations and promising future areas of research are provided.