Observer (physics)

Related papers: 20

About

An observer, in the context of physics and control systems, is a mathematical construct or algorithmic module that estimates the internal states of a dynamic system from available measurements—typically inputs and outputs—when direct measurement of all states is impractical or impossible. In robotics and AI, observers are fundamental building blocks used to reconstruct unmeasured quantities such as joint velocities, external disturbances, sensor faults, or attitude orientation. Common examples include disturbance observers (which estimate and compensate for unmodeled forces acting on manipulators), extended state observers (which treat unknown nonlinearities as augmented system states), sliding mode observers (used for robust fault reconstruction), and nonlinear attitude observers for orientation estimation from inertial sensors. Observers also underpin visual servoing architectures and multi-agent coordination by providing filtered, reliable state information to controllers. Their importance lies in enabling high-performance, robust control without requiring expensive or fragile sensor suites—allowing a controller to react to conditions it cannot directly measure. Stability guarantees for observer designs are typically established using Lyapunov theory, making them analytically grounded tools that bridge theoretical dynamical systems analysis with practical engineering implementation.

Top Cited Papers

A nonlinear disturbance observer for robotic manipulators

Wen‐Hua Chen, D.J. Ballance, P.J. Gawthrop, J. O’Reilly

Citations: 1710 • 2000

Nonlinear Complementary Filters on the Special Orthogonal Group

Robert Mahony, Tarek Hamel, Jean-Michel Pflimlin

Citations: 1686 • 2008

Disturbance Observer Based Control for Nonlinear Systems

Wen‐Hua Chen

Citations: 1423 • 2004

Dynamic sensor-based control of robots with visual feedback

L.E. Weiss, Arthur C. Sanderson, Charles P. Neuman

Citations: 822 • 1987

Relative end-effector control using Cartesian position based visual servoing

W.J. Wilson, Carol Hulls, Gregory Bell

Citations: 621 • 1996

Cooperative Control of Multi-Agent Systems: Optimal and Adaptive Design Approaches

Frank L. Lewis, Hongwei Zhang, Kristian Hengster‐Movric, Abhijit Das

Citations: 602 • 2013

Nonlinear robust fault reconstruction and estimation using a sliding mode observer

Xing‐Gang Yan, Christopher Edwards

Citations: 557 • 2007

Extended State Observer-Based Integral Sliding Mode Control for an Underwater Robot With Unknown Disturbances and Uncertain Nonlinearities

Rongxin Cui, Lepeng Chen, Chenguang Yang, Mou Chen

Citations: 551 • 2017

Extended-State-Observer-Based Control of Flexible-Joint System With Experimental Validation

S. E. Talole, Jaywant P. Kolhe, S. B. Phadke

Citations: 500 • 2009

Observer design for a class of nonlinear systems

S Vijaya Raghavan, J. Karl Hedrick

Citations: 492 • 1994

Stable adaptive observers for nonlinear time-varying systems

Georges Bastin, M. Gevers

Citations: 477 • 1988

Nonlinear disturbance observer design for robotic manipulators

Alireza Mohammadi, Mahdi Tavakoli, Horacio J. Marquez, Farzad Hashemzadeh

Citations: 466 • 2012

A passivity approach to controller-observer design for robots

H. Berghuis, Henk Nijmeijer

Citations: 434 • 1993

Robot control by using only joint position measurements

S. Nicosia, P. Tomei

Citations: 420 • 1990

A portable three-dimensional LIDAR-based system for long-term and wide-area people behavior measurement

Kenji Koide, Jun Miura, Emanuele Menegatti

Citations: 405 • 2019

Attitude control without angular velocity measurement: a passivity approach

Fernando Lizarralde, John T. Wen

Citations: 402 • 1996

Modeling of Force Sensing and Validation of Disturbance Observer for Force Control

Seiichiro Katsura, Yuichi Matsumoto, Kouhei Ohnishi

Citations: 399 • 2007

Neural Network Control of a Robotic Manipulator With Input Deadzone and Output Constraint

Wei He, David Ofosu Amoateng, Zhao Yin, Changyin Sun

Citations: 396 • 2015

Vibration Control of a Flexible Robotic Manipulator in the Presence of Input Deadzone

Wei He, Yuncheng Ouyang, Jie Hong

Citations: 385 • 2016

Unknown Input Observer Based Robust Fault Estimation for Systems Corrupted by Partially-Decoupled Disturbances

Zhiwei Gao, Xiaoxu Liu, Michael Chen

Citations: 372 • 2015