Gaze
Related papers: 20
About
Gaze refers to the direction and movement of a person's or robot's eyes and head orientation, serving as a powerful channel of nonverbal communication that conveys attention, intent, and social awareness. In robotics and AI, gaze is studied and engineered across two complementary dimensions: gaze estimation—using computer vision and deep learning to detect where humans are looking—and gaze generation—programming robots to produce socially appropriate eye and head movements during interaction. Robots that model human-like gaze behaviors, such as mutual gaze, gaze aversion, and joint attention, can signal turn-taking in conversation, communicate motion intent, establish trust, and regulate engagement with human partners. These capabilities are especially valuable in social robotics, human-robot collaboration, assistive care, and autism therapy, where natural social cues are essential. Gaze also enables applications like brain-computer interface control of assistive devices. Understanding and replicating gaze behavior is fundamental to building robots that integrate seamlessly into human social environments and are perceived as competent, trustworthy partners.
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Top Cited Papers
Optimal eye movement strategies in visual search
J. Najemnik, Wilson S. Geisler
Citations: 860 • 2005
Social Eye Gaze in Human-Robot Interaction: A Review
Henny Admoni, Brian Scassellati
Citations: 564 • 2017
Trust in humanoid robots: implications for services marketing
Michelle M. E. van Pinxteren, Ruud W.H. Wetzels, Jessica Rüger, Mark Pluymaekers, Martin Wetzels
Citations: 505 • 2019
Human-robot proxemics
Jonathan Mumm, Bilge Mutlu
Citations: 447 • 2011
Footing in human-robot conversations
Bilge Mutlu, Toshiyuki Shiwa, Takayuki Kanda, Hiroshi Ishiguro, Norihiro Hagita
Citations: 385 • 2009
A Storytelling Robot: Modeling and Evaluation of Human-like Gaze Behavior
Bilge Mutlu, Jodi Forlizzi, Jessica K. Hodgins
Citations: 354 • 2006
Where to look
Candace L. Sidner, Cory D. Kidd, Christopher Lee, Neal Lesh
Citations: 324 • 2004
ETH-XGaze: A Large Scale Dataset for Gaze Estimation Under Extreme Head Pose and Gaze Variation
Xucong Zhang, Seonwook Park, Thabo Beeler, Derek Bradley, Siyu Tang, Otmar Hilliges
Citations: 297 • 2020
Furhat: A Back-Projected Human-Like Robot Head for Multiparty Human-Machine Interaction
Samer Al Moubayed, Jonas Beskow, Gabriel Skantze, Björn Granström
Citations: 295 • 2012
Sociable machines: expressive social exchange between humans and robots
Cynthia Breazeal, Rodney A. Brooks
Citations: 286 • 2000
Children with autism social engagement in interaction with Nao, an imitative robot
Adriana Tapus, Andreea Peca, Amir Aly, Cristina Pop, Lavinia Jisa, Sebastian Pintea, Alina S. Rusu, Daniel O. David
Citations: 264 • 2012
Turn-taking in Conversational Systems and Human-Robot Interaction: A Review
Gabriel Skantze
Citations: 255 • 2020
Recognizing engagement in human-robot interaction
Charles Rich, Brett Ponsler, Aaron Holroyd, Candace L. Sidner
Citations: 251 • 2010
Persuasive robotic assistant for health self-management of older adults: Design and evaluation of social behaviors
Rosemarijn Looije, Mark A. Neerincx, Fokie Cnossen
Citations: 246 • 2009
I See What You Mean: How Attentional Selection Is Shaped by Ascribing Intentions to Others
Eva Wiese, Agnieszka Wykowska, Jan Zwickel, Hermann J. Müller
Citations: 240 • 2012
Communicating Robot Motion Intent with Augmented Reality
Michael E. Walker, Hooman Hedayati, Jennifer Lee, Daniel Szafır
Citations: 224 • 2018
A New Gaze-BCI-Driven Control of an Upper Limb Exoskeleton for Rehabilitation in Real-World Tasks
Antonio Frisoli, Claudio Loconsole, Daniele Leonardis, Filippo Bannò, Michele Barsotti, Carmelo Chisari, Massimo Bergamasco
Citations: 217 • 2012
A Review of Eye Gaze in Virtual Agents, Social Robotics and HCI: Behaviour Generation, User Interaction and Perception
Kerstin Ruhland, Christopher Peters, Sean Andrist, Jeremy B. Badler, Norman I. Badler, Michael Gleicher, Bilge Mutlu, Rachel McDonnell
Citations: 213 • 2015
Anticipatory robot control for efficient human-robot collaboration
Chien‐Ming Huang, Bilge Mutlu
Citations: 204 • 2016
Conversational gaze aversion for humanlike robots
Sean Andrist, Xiang Zhi Tan, Michael Gleicher, Bilge Mutlu
Citations: 203 • 2014