Multimodal Actuation and Environment Adaptive Strategies of Bio‐Inspired Micro/Nanorobots in Precision Medicine

Abstract

Multimodal actuation has emerged as a prominent strategy in designing micro/nanorobotic systems for precision medicine within complex and changing biological environments. By integrating diverse propulsion modes—such as biological, magnetic, acoustic, optical, and chemical driving—these robots achieve enhanced adaptability, precision, and responsiveness to environmental changes in vivo. This review systematically summarizes recent advances of bio‐inspired and multimode‐actuated micro/nanorobots with robust self‐adaptive capabilities. The applications in targeted drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, cancer immunotherapy, and other diseases treatments are exemplified to analyze how the multiple propulsion enables precise navigation and intelligent therapeutic feedback. We further discuss the challenges of system integration and clinical translation, concluding with perspectives on developing programmable, biodegradable bio‐micro/nanorobot platform that combine functional versatility with biological intelligence for clinical deployment.