Industrial metaverse meets IIoT: low-code platforms for machine-to-machine and human-to-machine integration

Abstract

Small and medium-sized enterprises face challenges in adopting advanced manufacturing technologies due to limited resources and technical expertise. This study presents a low-code/no-code framework for integrating manufacturing assets with digital twins using MQTT Sparkplug B and NVIDIA Omniverse. Two DTs are developed: a one-way DT for monitoring operations of the Haas VF-2 CNC machine and a two-way DT for simulating and controlling the UR10e robot. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of low-code platforms, such as Node-RED, in streamlining Machine-to-Machine and Human-to-Machine communication. These platforms enable operators to create dashboards and automate workflows without advanced programming skills. Advanced technologies, including computer vision, augmented reality, and 5G, further enhance H2M interaction, enabling responsive and immersive work environments. The framework aligns with ISO 23247 standards, ensuring interoperability between physical and digital systems. While low-code/no-code solutions democratize access to IIoT, challenges in scalability, data latency, and security remain. Future research should focus on improving platform scalability, integrating AI-driven analytics, and enhancing cybersecurity. This work demonstrates how SMEs can adopt advanced IIoT technologies, fostering adaptive and autonomous manufacturing environments.