Mag-VLA: Vision-Language-Action Model for Bimanual Magnetically Actuated Microrobot Manipulation

Abstract

Magnetically actuated microrobots have been used as wireless, non-contact manipulation tools at microscales, making them promising for minimally invasive applications. However, their control remains challenging due to indirect actuation, limited sensing, and nonlinear magnetic interactions. In this work, we propose Mag-VLA, a vision-language-action (VLA) model for dexterous magnetic microrobot manipulation using two robotic arms with mounted magnets for dynamic magnetic-field construction. Bimanual coordination enables capabilities such as microrobot reorientation that are difficult or infeasible with a single arm, but it also introduces coupled control challenges, as the policy must generate coordinated trajectories for both actuators within a shared workspace. Our framework adapts a Qwen2.5-VL-7B backbone using Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) to process visual observations and language instructions for action prediction. To capture task progression, we introduce a motion-aware phase classifier and a phase-conditioned Action Chunking Transformer (ACT) decoder for temporally coherent multi-step control. We further construct a teleoperated magnetic microrobot manipulation dataset covering three task configurations. Ablation studies show that the ACT-based decoder substantially outperforms alternative generative action heads. In real-robot experiments, Mag-VLA achieves a 90% approach success rate across all tasks and transport success rates of 80%, 70%, and 50% as task difficulty increases. These results demonstrate that hierarchical VLA modeling provides a promising framework for magnetic microrobot manipulation.