LCST-phase-separated porous liquid metal-filled hydrogel actuators with fast electro-response, enhanced strength, and low electric field

Abstract

, a threshold widely recognized as safe for human exposure. Furthermore, we demonstrate its versatility in executing diverse underwater tasks, including object manipulation, encapsulation, and directional locomotion. This facile yet effective strategy for constructing mechanically robust, fast-response hydrogel composites offers new avenues for the development of next-generation soft robotic systems.