Augmented reality in prosthodontics

摘要

The availability of clinical education is decreasing over the days.[1] The need and demand for the same is required for better specialized services.[23] The development of clinical skills requires extensive knowledge and ability. Recently, the requirement is substituted by simulated training obtained through artificial intelligence (AI) – virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). The VR is creating a simulated environment, whereas AR is a division of the same, but it augments sensory perception and replicates real environment in virtual world.[456] The AR system combines virtual and real objects in single realistic environment. It can register both virtual and real objects reciprocally. It runs interactively in real time. AR superimposes a computer-generated image on an operator's view of the real world, thus providing a composite view. The invention of augmented reality has simplified many of the prosthetic treatment processes and meets the patient's expectations easily.[6] AR has diverse applications. It is used as a guide to enhance the understanding. AR technology is used for smart learning, interactive tutoring, diagnosis, and treatment planning. AR is widely used in digital radiographs, dental scans, computer-aided design–computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) restorations, orthodontic aligners, oral surgery, and implantology. The information obtained from wider sources are stored and computed, and the algorithm is created by AR to support the dental or prosthodontic needs. The significant advantage of these machines with AR is the extended working time, and it completes the tasks without human fatigue.[4] Preclinical and clinical training has witnessed a significant transformation with the use of AR technology for training and evaluation. The use of AR draws more attention and imparts quality training, and on the longer run, it decreases cost. The technology enables and simplifies the training for advanced clinical situations. The technology has been used successfully in many dental schools, and in few, integrations of these systems and technology into the dental curriculum have been done to enhance the training quality.[456] The significant application of AR in prosthodontics is used in CAD-CAM restorations, implantology, and esthetic planning. It aids in designing the restoration and mills a restoration with great precision that offers superior function and esthetics. In addition, the concepts are employed in obtaining other craniofacial prosthesis which shall be a reality in the near future.[56] The communication and visualization of esthetic planning and smile designing is always challenging. The developed software such as digital smile design, digital smile system, Trios smile design, and Smile pro aids in better conception and interaction. In addition to the present software technologies, these systems integrate the programs of facial recognition technology and automatic picture-based strategy (APBS) and enhanced mirror strategy (EMS) of AI technology. Facial recognition identifies the person with digital images using extraoral facial reference line and by mathematical algorithms. APBS and EMS use the intelligence technology to aid in designing, planning, communication, and education. Although these systems are widely used, still more advancements are required in quality of image construction, flexibility of the software, and easy integration in daily dental office. Most of the present-generation technologies are of two dimensional, partially immersive, or partly computer assisted. More evolution required for three-dimensional conception, video analysis, functional movement evaluation, and designing are required. These features are complex that requires extensive research and development for future.[7] The use of dental robots, especially in prosthodontics, can be realistic future. The robotic trials are done in fabrication of removable partial denture, complete denture, and implant prosthesis. The data inp