Biology
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Biology, as applied to robotics and AI, encompasses the study of living systems—from molecular and cellular mechanisms to whole-organism behavior—and translates those principles into technological innovation. In robotics, biological insights directly inspire design and function: fish locomotion informs underwater vehicles, salamander spinal cord models drive amphibious robots, and soft-bodied animals like squid and starfish inspire compliant, multi-gait robots. At the molecular scale, DNA nanotechnology enables programmable nanorobots for targeted drug delivery and cancer therapy, while microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems accelerate drug discovery. Genomic tools such as microarrays, next-generation sequencing, and single-cell transcriptomics generate vast datasets that fuel AI-driven biological analysis. Brain-machine interfaces leverage neural recordings to enable primates—and ultimately humans—to control robotic limbs through thought alone. Biofabrication techniques like organ printing push toward synthetic tissue construction. Biology matters to robotics and AI because living systems represent billions of years of optimized engineering solutions, offering unmatched templates for building adaptive, efficient, and intelligent machines.
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Quantitative Monitoring of Gene Expression Patterns with a Complementary DNA Microarray
Mark Schena, Dari Shalon, Ronald W. Davis, Patrick O. Brown
Citations: 9594 • 1995
Design, fabrication and control of soft robots
Daniela Rus, Michael T. Tolley
Citations: 5556 • 2015
Printing Proteins as Microarrays for High-Throughput Function Determination
Gavin MacBeath, Stuart L. Schreiber
Citations: 2764 • 2000
25th Anniversary Article: The Evolution of Electronic Skin (E‐Skin): A Brief History, Design Considerations, and Recent Progress
Mallory L. Hammock, Alex Chortos, Benjamin C. K. Tee, Jeffrey B.‐H. Tok, Zhenan Bao
Citations: 2362 • 2013
Small-scale soft-bodied robot with multimodal locomotion
Wenqi Hu, Guo Zhan Lum, Massimo Mastrangeli, Metin Sitti
Citations: 2305 • 2018
Multigait soft robot
Robert F. Shepherd, Filip Ilievski, Wonjae Choi, Stephen A. Morin, Adam A. Stokes, Aaron D. Mazzeo, Xin Chen, George M. Whitesides
Citations: 2059 • 2011
Drug Discovery and Natural Products: End of an Era or an Endless Frontier?
Jesse W.-H. Li, John C. Vederas
Citations: 2051 • 2009
The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics
Elaine R. Mardis
Citations: 2045 • 2008
Review of fish swimming modes for aquatic locomotion
Michael Sfakiotakis, David M. Lane, J.B.C. Davies
Citations: 1901 • 1999
Efficient Bipedal Robots Based on Passive-Dynamic Walkers
Steven H. Collins, Andy Ruina, Russ Tedrake, Martijn Wisse
Citations: 1878 • 2005
25th Anniversary Article: Engineering Hydrogels for Biofabrication
Jos Malda, Jetze Visser, Ferry P.W. Melchels, Tomasz Jüngst, Wim E. Hennink, Wouter J.A. Dhert, Jürgen Gröll, Dietmar W. Hutmacher
Citations: 1874 • 2013
Central pattern generators for locomotion control in animals and robots: A review
Auke Jan Ijspeert
Citations: 1839 • 2008
Lab-on-a-chip: microfluidics in drug discovery
Petra S. Dittrich, A. Manz
Citations: 1828 • 2006
Learning to Control a Brain–Machine Interface for Reaching and Grasping by Primates
Jose M. Carmena, Mikhail Lebedev, Roy E. Crist, Joseph E. O’Doherty, David M. Santucci, Dragan F. Dimitrov, Parag G. Patil, Craig S. Henriquez, Miguel A. L. Nicolelis
Citations: 1781 • 2003
Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy
Daniel Krewski, Daniel Acosta, Melvin E. Andersen, Henry A. Anderson, John C. Bailar, Kim Boekelheide, Robert J. Brent, Gail Charnley, Vivian G. Cheung, Sídney Green, Karl T. Kelsey, Nancy I. Kerkvliet, Abby A. Li, Lawrence McCray, Otto Meyer, Reid D. Patterson, William D. Pennie, Robert A. Scala, Gina Solomon, Martin L. Stephens, James D. Yager, Lauren Zeise, Staff of Committee on Toxicity Test
Citations: 1675 • 2010
Parallel human genome analysis: microarray-based expression monitoring of 1000 genes.
Mark Schena, Dari Shalon, Renu A. Heller, Anwei Chai, P O Brown, Ronald W. Davis
Citations: 1608 • 1996
Evolutionary Robotics
Stefano Nolfi, Dario Floreano
Citations: 1514 • 2000
A Single-Cell Transcriptome Atlas of the Human Pancreas
Mauro J. Muraro, Gitanjali Dharmadhikari, Dominic Grün, Nathalie Gröen, Tim Dielen, Erik W.L. Jansen, Léon van Gurp, Marten A. Engelse, Françoise Carlotti, Eelco J.P. de Koning, Alexander van Oudenaarden
Citations: 1505 • 2016
Micro/nanorobots for biomedicine: Delivery, surgery, sensing, and detoxification
Jinxing Li, Berta Esteban‐Fernández de Ávila, Wei Gao, Liangfang Zhang, Joseph Wang
Citations: 1503 • 2017
Real-time prediction of hand trajectory by ensembles of cortical neurons in primates
Johan Wessberg, Christopher R. Stambaugh, Jerald D. Kralik, Pamela D. Beck, Mark Laubach, John K. Chapin, Jung Kim, Sean Biggs, Mandayam A. Srinivasan, Miguel A. L. Nicolelis
Citations: 1495 • 2000