Bioelectronic Sensors for Neuromuscular Perception in Human‐Machine Interfaces

Abstract

With the rapid advancement of human‐centered robotic technologies, effective human–machine interfaces (HMIs) capable of accurately perceiving human neuromuscular states have become increasingly important. Traditional mechanically based and wave‐based methods suffer from limitations such as cumulative errors, high complexity, and delayed response times. Bioelectronic sensors, including biopotential, electrical impedance, and electrochemical sensors, have emerged as promising alternatives by enabling real‐time, intuitive, and reliable neuromuscular perception. This review summarizes recent advances in bioelectronic sensing technologies, focusing on their underlying mechanisms, material innovations, hardware configurations, and applications in diverse HMI scenarios. We also discuss epidermal bioelectronic interfaces, emphasizing their skin‐conformable and resilient characteristics, and highlight future perspectives toward the development of advanced, personalized, and multimodal HMI systems.