Biohybrid living robotics: A comprehensive review of recent advances, technological innovation, and future prospects

Abstract

Biohybrid robotics combines living components with synthetic materials to create adaptable, responsive robots. This review focuses on bottom-up, tissue-based biohybrid robots-Walkers, Swimmers, Grippers, Pumps, and emerging eBiobots, which use living actuators for various tasks. We explore their design, innovations, and applications, and highlight recent advances in intelligent eBiobots integrating neurons, muscles, biomaterials, and microelectronics. Future directions emphasize interdisciplinary progress toward intelligent biomachines for transformative applications in health, medicine, environmental monitoring and beyond.