The application of robotic and artificial intelligence technologies in spinal surgery: a review focused on prospects in remote areas of China

Abstract

Spinal surgery in remote regions of China, including high-altitude plateau areas, faces unique challenges due to limited medical resources, harsh environmental conditions, and shortages of specialized expertise. Robotic spinal surgery and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies offer promising solutions to enhance diagnostic accuracy and support surgical decision-making in these underserved settings. Robotic-assisted systems enhance surgical precision and stability in procedures, such as pedicle screw placement, reducing error rates, and improving patient outcomes even when experienced surgeons are scarce. AI-driven diagnostic and planning tools can rapidly analyze medical images, identify spinal pathologies with expert-level accuracy, and assist in developing personalized surgical plans, effectively extending specialist-level support to local clinicians. The integration of these technologies helps bridge gaps in healthcare delivery by ensuring more timely, accurate diagnoses and safer, more effective spine surgeries for patients in remote areas. Implementing robotics and AI in high-altitude and rural environments, however, requires overcoming challenges. Continued research and development efforts are needed to tailor these systems to local needs, alongside training programs to develop skilled personnel. Looking ahead, the synergy of robotic surgery and AI in spine care represents a transformative direction for improving surgical outcomes and narrowing healthcare disparities in China's remote communities.