Identification of Potential Pitfalls and Complication Avoidance in Robotic-Assisted Spine Surgery

Abstract

Robotic-assisted (RA) spine surgery has markedly improved accuracy and consistency across a wide range of spinal procedures. However, successful implementation requires understanding and addressing potential complications. This review systematically analyzes potential pitfalls and their prevention strategies in RA spine surgery and proposes a structured approach to navigate these complexities. Key challenges identified include registration errors, which may be reduced through high-resolution imaging and stable patient positioning; trajectory inaccuracies, which can be addressed by ensuring robust mounting and optimizing robotic arm movements; and anatomical variations, which benefit from thorough preoperative planning and tailored instrumentation. Strategies to minimize skiving include the use of specialized tools and enhanced haptic feedback to improve trajectory control. Soft-tissue interference can be managed through careful approach selection and retraction techniques, whereas intraoperative motion may be minimized with secure reference arrays and structured team workflows. In addition, technical failures highlight the importance of systematic software testing and regular hardware maintenance. RA spine surgery holds enormous future potential, but its broader adoption may benefit from a comprehensive understanding of these challenges. By systematically assessing these factors, this framework may help surgeons refine the safety and efficiency of RA spine procedures while reducing potential risks.