Estimation of the Hourly Aerosol Optical Depth From GOCI Geostationary Satellite Data: Deep Neural Network, Machine Learning, and Physical Models

摘要

In this study, a new deep learning method was developed to estimate the spatiotemporal properties of the hourly aerosol optical depth (AOD) because existing physical models are limited in their abilities to separate the reflectance between aerosols and the underlying surface over land, accurately and effectively. By incorporating geostationary ocean color imagery (GOCI), multispectral bands were applied to train data-driven models to estimate the high-spatiotemporal-resolution AOD over Northeast Asia. Physical model and traditional machine learning (ML) models (the random forest (RF) and support vector regression (SVR) models) were compared with the deep neural network (DNN) model to evaluate its accuracy, implementing hold-out validation and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -fold cross-validation approaches. In the statistical results of the hold-out validation, the DNN model showed the higher accuracy (root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.112, mean bias error (MBE) = 0.007, and correlation coefficient <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(R) = 0.863$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) relative to the traditional SVR (RMSE = 0.123, MBE = −0.010, and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R = 0.833$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) and RF (RMSE = 0.125, MBE = 0.004, and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R = 0.825$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) models. The DNN model also exhibited the best performance for most statistical metrics among the traditional SVR, RF, and selected physical models (except for the correlation coefficients and index of agreement) in the spatial and temporal cross-validation analyses. Although the DNN model was trained using the match-up dataset between the top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectance from GOCI multispectral bands and AErosol RObotic NETwork measurements, it showed high spatial and temporal generalization performance owing to its deeper and more complicated network structure. Hourly GOCI AOD data obtained using a deep learning approach with high accuracy are expected to be useful for the quantification of aerosol contents and monitoring of diurnal variations in the AOD.