3D Printing of Soft Robotic Systems: Advances in Fabrication Strategies and Future Trends

Abstract

Soft robotic systems, inspired by natural organisms, have demonstrated significant potential in drug delivery, minimally invasive surgery, and wearables. Among diverse fabrication techniques, 3D printing stands out for its unparalleled advantages in design freedom, functional integration, and manufacturing efficiency. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the matrix materials and functional components used in 3D‐printed soft robotic systems, along with the most prevalent 3D printing technologies. Furthermore, fabrication strategies, arranged in order of increasing complexity, are discussed in detail, with an emphasis on persistent challenges and corresponding solutions. Finally, we critically analyze the future perspectives in biomedical and engineering fields, as well as post‐fabrication considerations such as reliability, robustness, and environmental compatibility.