Magnetic Gear Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Topologies, Core Materials, and Emerging Application

Abstract

Magnetic gears (MGs) are attracting increasing attention in power transmission systems due to their contactless operation principles, low frictional losses, and high efficiency. However, the broad application potential of these technologies requires a comprehensive evaluation of engineering parameters such as material selection, energy efficiency, and structural design. This review systematically examines the topological diversity, torque transmission principles, and the impact of various core materials such as electrical steels, soft magnetic composites (SMCs), and cobalt-based alloys on the performance of magnetic gear systems. Literature-based comparative analyses are structured around topological classifications, evaluation of material properties, and performance analyses based on losses. Additionally, the study highlights that aligning material properties with appropriate manufacturing methods such as powder metallurgy, wire electrical discharge machining (EDM), and precision casting is essential for the practical scalability of magnetic gear systems. The findings reveal that coaxial magnetic gears (CMGs) offer a favorable balance between high torque density and compactness, while soft magnetic composites provide significant advantages in loss reduction, particularly at high frequencies. Additionally, application trends in fields such as renewable energy, electric vehicles (EVs), aerospace, and robotics are highlighted.