Shape-shifting microgel automata controlled by DNA sequence instructions

Abstract

Abstract Controlling material shapes using information-bearing molecular signals is central to the creation of autonomous, reconfigurable soft devices. While physical and chemical stimuli can direct simple material swelling, bending, or folding, it has been challenging to direct multi-step shape-change programs crucial for complex, robotic tasks. Here, we demonstrate gel automata— sub-millimeter, photopatterned, highly swellable DNA gels—whose parts grow or shrink in response to easily designed DNA activator sequences, allowing for precisely controlled device articulation. We design and fabricate gel automata that reversibly transform between different letter shapes, and use neural networks to design automata that transform into every even or every odd numeral via designed reconfiguration programs. This sequential and repetitive metamorphosis of materials via chemical reorganization could dramatically advance our ability to manipulate micro-particles, cells, and tissues. One-Sentence Summary Photopatterned microgels follow sequences of DNA instructions to transform between complex, meaningful shapes such as letters and numerals.