<title>Three-dimensional grating optical retinal chip and stimulus-adaptive robotic vision</title>

Abstract

A cellular multilayer phase grating with hexagonal closest packing proves to be the ideal focal plane architecture for the human eye, and is thus also the best model for designing stimulus- adaptive robot eyes which achieve the spatial and chromatic performance of the human eye. Crystal-optical calculation of the retinal cellular multilayer chip and the resulting correlations between the physical stimulus parameters and the adaptive shifts in human vision at the retinal level give rise to a time-frequency diagram of the eye and its stimulus-adaptive latitudes, which will become relevant in the design of future chips for robot eyes with performance comparable to that of human vision. The current presentation shows that 3-D grating optical parameters ensure the frequency-related chromatic adaptive shifts (transition from photopic to scotopic vision in the Purkinje shift, Stiles-Crawford effects I/II, Bezold-Bruecke phenomenon, chromatic adaptation to artificial light sources of different spectral composition, etc.) and also indicates what 3-D grating optical parameters are relevant to spatial transfer and adaptation, i.e., the time-related aspects in the time-frequency diagram (adaptation of the spatial modulation transfer function to the image parameters; log term for spatial adaptation to the intensity level; coding of spatial phase relationships between a fundamental spatial frequency and higher frequencies up to the third harmonic, etc.).