Transseptal access and pulmonary vein isolation via internal jugular veins for persistent atrial fibrillation treatment in a patient with left atrial isomerism, sinus node dysfunction, and interrupted inferior vena cava: The usefulness of robotic magnetic navigation

Abstract

Atrial isomerism is a form of heterotaxy, which is defined as an abnormal arrangement of the internal thoracic-abdominal organs across the left-right axis of the body caused by disruption of left-right axis orientation during early embryonic development. Cardiac malformations are a major component of heterotaxy syndrome. Abnormal cardiac development typically leads to atrial isomerism, resulting in either bilateral paired right atria (right atrial isomerism) or paired left atria (left atrial isomerism; LAI).