Aerosol optical, microphysical and radiative properties at three regional background insular sites in the western Mediterranean Basin

Abstract

Abstract. In the framework of the ChArMEx (the Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment, http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr/) program, the seasonal variability of the aerosol optical, microphysical and radiative properties is examined in two regional background insular sites in the western Mediterranean Basin (WMB): Ersa (Corsica Island, France) and Palma de Mallorca (Mallorca Island, Spain). A third site in Alborán (Alborán Island, Spain) with only a few months of data is considered for exploring the possible Northeast–Southwest (NE–SW) gradient of the aforementioned aerosol properties. The dataset is exclusively composed of AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network; http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/) products during a four-year period (2011–2014). AERONET fluxes are validated with ground- and satellite-based flux measurements. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that AERONET fluxes are validated at the top of the atmosphere. Products such as the aerosol optical depth (AOD), the fraction fine mode to total AOD, the particle size distribution, the sphericity, the radiative forcing and the radiative forcing efficiency show a clear annual cycle. The main drivers of the observed annual cycles are mineral dust outbreaks in summer and the transport of European continental aerosols in spring. A NE–SW gradient is observed on 6 parameters (3 extensive and 3 intensive) out of the 18 discussed in the paper. The NE–SW gradient of the AOD, the Ångström exponent, the coarse mode volume concentration, the sphericity and the radiative forcing at the surface are related to mineral dust outbreaks, while the NE–SW gradient of the coarse mode volume median radius is related to the decreasing influence of European continental aerosols along the NE–SW axis. The fact that two thirds of the parameters discussed in the paper do not present a NE–SW gradient is partly explained by two relevant findings: (1) a homogeneous spatial distribution of the fine particle loads over the three sites in spite of the distances between the sites and the differences in local sources, and (2) low values and the absence of spectral dependency of the absorption found in the southwesternmost site.