Multi‐stimuli responsive behaviors of shape memory woven composites using carbon fiber/<scp>Fe₃O₄</scp>/polyurethane composite filaments

Abstract

Abstract Multi‐stimuli responsive shape memory composites (MS‐SMPCs) have broad potential in fields such as adaptive architecture and aerospace applications but face limitations in response speed, mechanical performance, and reliability. To address this, this study designs a two‐dimensional woven SMPC based on continuous carbon fiber (CCF)/Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles/shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) composite filaments and investigates its shape memory properties under thermal, electrical, and magnetic stimuli. The results demonstrate that the SMPC exhibits excellent shape memory effects under all three stimuli. The uniform distribution of magnetic particles enhances the SMPC's mechanical properties and shape recovery performance. As the magnetic content increases from 3% to 9%, the shape recovery time decreases from 37.5 to 9 s. CCF improves the SMPC's strength, electrical conductivity, and shape memory performance under electrical stimuli. As the volume fraction of CCF increases from 12.7% to 29.5%, the modulus of a single‐layer sample increases by seven times. The highest shape recovery efficiency (SRE) is 0.63 under magnetic stimulation, followed by 0.57 under electrical stimulation and 0.37 under thermal stimulation. The SMPC's adaptability to maintain efficient shape recovery performance under various environments has significant practical value, particularly in applications such as smart textiles and flexible robotics. Highlights Woven SMPC with thermal–electrical–magnetic stimuli recovery is prepared. Magnetic particles are uniformly distributed in the SMPC. Magnetic particles improve mechanical and shape recovery performance of SMPC. CCF improves strength and shape memory behavior of SMPC under electrical stimuli.