Fabrication, encapsulation, and hysteresis creep mitigation in Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites: A review

Abstract

This systematic review examines the preparation and encapsulation processes for Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs) and evaluates methods for suppressing their characteristic hysteresis and creep. The analysis investigates the relationship between various base membrane and electrode preparation techniques, including their optimization approaches, and the resulting mechanical properties of IPMCs. Additionally, the review categorizes and compares conventional encapsulation techniques according to their fundamental processes and application scenarios. Persistent hysteresis and creep phenomena have significantly constrained the long-term development of IPMCs. While classical modeling approaches have been applied to address these issues, they often fall short in effectively characterizing IPMC behavior. Recently, data-driven methodologies, particularly deep learning techniques, have emerged as promising alternatives for improving modeling accuracy of IPMC hysteresis and creep. Accordingly, this review compiles and analyzes current data-driven suppression methods. The paper concludes with insights into future development pathways for IPMCs within smart materials and soft robotics applications. By synthesizing existing research, this work provides a comprehensive foundation to advance IPMC technology and enhance its practical performance capabilities.