Use of robotics and AI to transform dispensing and drug therapy as well as shaping the future of pharmacy education in Japan

Abstract

In Japan, dispensing is a key responsibility of pharmacists and continues to evolve with advancements in robotics and artificial intelligence (AI). This review examines the integration of robotics and AI into pharmaceutical practice, presents supporting evidence for their effectiveness, and explores future directions for teaching dispensing in pharmacy education in Japan. Dispensing robots, such as automated dispensing systems and robotic aseptic preparation units, have been introduced in hospitals and pharmacies to enhance efficiency, reduce dispensing errors, and optimize medication management (Takase, 2022). AI-driven systems assist pharmacists in decision-making and personalized pharmacotherapy, enhancing medication safety, predicting adverse reactions, and optimizing individualized drug therapy (Chow, 2023). Although the initial implementation costs are high, the integration of robotics and AI is expected to expand, particularly in areas such as medication safety monitoring and AI-assisted drug therapy management. Dispensing plays a crucial role in individualized drug therapy and requires technological literacy along with clinical expertise. To adapt to these advancements, pharmacy education reforms are required to incorporate AI-driven decision support systems, robotics training, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Equipping future pharmacists with these skills will ensure that they can effectively integrate robotic and AI technologies, while maintaining patient safety and quality of care. As pharmacy practices continue to evolve, pharmacists must adapt to technological advancements and collaborate with robotics and AI to optimize pharmacotherapy outcomes.