Overview: A Comprehensive Review of Soft Wearable Rehabilitation and Assistive Devices, with a Focus on the Function, Design and Control of Lower-Limb Exoskeletons

Abstract

With the global ageing population and the increasing prevalence of mobility impairments, the demand for effective and comfortable rehabilitation and assistive solutions has grown rapidly. Soft exoskeletons have emerged as a key direction in the development of wearable rehabilitation devices. This review examines how these systems are designed and controlled, as well as how they differ from the rigid exoskeletons that preceded them. Made from flexible fabrics and lightweight components, soft exoskeletons use pneumatic or cable mechanisms to support movement while keeping close contact with the body. Their compliant structure helps to reduce joint stress and makes them more comfortable for long periods of use. The discussion in this paper covers recent work on lower-limb designs, focusing on actuation, power transmission, and human–robot coordination. It also considers the main technical barriers that remain, such as power supply limits, the wear and fatigue of soft materials, and the challenge of achieving accurate tracking performance, low latency, and resilience to external disturbances. Studies reviewed here show that these systems help users regain functionality and improve rehabilitation, while also easing caregivers’ workload. The paper ends by outlining several priorities for future development: lighter mechanical layouts, better energy systems, and adaptive control methods that make soft exoskeletons more practical for everyday use as well as clinical therapy.