Development in Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer: The Current Standing Point of Robotic Surgery

Abstract

Despite advancements in multidisciplinary treatment, esophagectomy remains the primary curative treatment for esophageal cancer. Given that lymph node metastases can spread from the cervical to abdominal regions, three-field lymph node dissection has been established as a standard approach. However, this highly invasive procedure involves multiple anatomical regions-thoracic, abdominal, and cervical-leading to significant surgical burden. To reduce surgical invasiveness, minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) has become increasingly common worldwide. With its adoption and advancements in multidisciplinary therapy, discussions have emerged regarding the potential omission of lymph node dissection in selected cases. Since the introduction of robot-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy (RAMIE) in 2004, this technique has progressively replaced conventional MIE. Robotic systems-equipped with a magnified 3D camera, articulated instruments, and tremor filtering-allow surgeons to perform complex procedures with greater precision than manual techniques. One randomized controlled trial (RCT) has demonstrated fewer postoperative complications with RAMIE compared to open esophagectomy. Additionally, RAMIE has been shown to enable more extensive lymph node dissection around the left recurrent laryngeal nerve than conventional MIE. However, the long-term oncological benefits of RAMIE remain unproven, as no RCTs have definitely confirmed its impact on long-term survival in esophageal cancer patients. Ongoing randomized trials are expected to provide further insights into its prognostic benefits.