Biomedical AI: Evolving from digital to physical and biological intelligence

Abstract

<p>Biomedical artificial intelligence (AI) is advancing toward integrated systems that bridge the digital, physical, and biological domains. What emerges from the convergence of these realms? This perspective article outlines the evolution of biomedical AI from digital models trained on vast biomedical datasets, to physically intelligent systems such as surgical robots that interact with and learn from their environments, and further toward biological intelligence that enables direct communication between human brains and AI. We explore how foundation models, physical embodiment, and brain-brain communications open new possibilities in predictive medicine and personalized intervention. These advances point toward a future in which AI not only comprehends biological processes but also actively collaborates with them, ushering in an era of proactive healthcare where diseases can be prevented, lifelong health maintained, and human capabilities enhanced through the convergence of digital, physical, and biological intelligence.</p>