From Electrochemical Energy Storage to Next-Generation Intelligent Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles: A Survey

Abstract

This study provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in electrochemical energy storage, including Na+ -ion, metal-ion, and metal-air batteries, alongside innovations in electrode engineering, electrolytes, and solid-electrolyte interphase control. It also explores the integration of machine learning, digital twins, large language models and predictive analytics to enable intelligent battery management systems, enhancing performance, safety, and operational longevity. Key challenges, research gaps, and future prospects are addressed, highlighting opportunities presented by hybrid chemistry, scalable manufacturing, sustainability, and AI-driven optimization. This survey aims to provide researchers, engineers, and industry profesionnals with a comprehensive understanding of next-generation battery technologies for the evolving electric vehicles sector.