A Process-Aware Demand Response Evaluation Framework for Hydrogen-Integrated Zero-Carbon Steel Plants Coupled with Methanol Production

Abstract

High penetration of renewables (RES) and the retirement of thermal units aggravate flexibility scarcity in power systems. Hydrogen-based low-carbon steel production systems possess substantial demand response (DR) potential. This paper proposes a process-aware DR evaluation framework for hydrogen-integrated zero-carbon steel plants coupled with methanol production (H2-DRI-EAF-MeOH). First, a novel H2-DRI-EAF-MeOH architecture is introduced to eliminate residual emissions via methanol synthesis. Integrated energy-material flows are formulated to reflect coupling interactions governing DR potential. Second, to capture electric arc furnace (EAF) operational constraints while preserving tractability, an operating feasible region model is developed and validated using field data from a pure hydrogen direct reduced iron and EAF plant, yielding a 4.1% average relative error. Third, a process-aware DR potential evaluation model is formulated, incorporating a nonlinear asymmetric penalty and an adaptive rolling mechanism to reflect operators' aversion to process deviations and avoid myopic scheduling. Finally, dual-side evaluation metrics are established to quantify grid-side delivered DR capacity and ramping risks, making load-side unit-level regulation behaviors observable. Case studies show the proposed framework achieves an average effective delivered DR capacity of 178.3 MW, improves RES-load matching from 0.257 to 0.587, and reduces costs by 15.68% compared to the baseline. Furthermore, the exponential asymmetric penalty mitigates extreme tail risks of process deviations. Ultimately, this work provides a theoretical foundation for leveraging RES-steel-chemical synergies to mitigate flexibility scarcity.