Reduction Techniques for Intramedullary Nailing of Subtrochanteric Femur Fractures: A Narrative Review

摘要

Objective: To provide a state-of-the-art narrative review of contemporary reduction techniques for the intramedullary nailing (IMN) of subtrochanteric femur fractures (SFFs). This review critically appraises the evidence for various methods, culminating in a synthesized, evidence-based clinical algorithm to guide surgical decision-making. Evidence Acquisition: A comprehensive literature search of the PubMed and Embase databases was conducted to identify relevant clinical studies, meta-analyses, biomechanical reports, and authoritative reviews published through 2024. The search focused on the biomechanics of SFFs, fracture classification, reduction techniques (including percutaneous joysticks, soft tissue rebalancing, and open cerclage/clamping), implant-related considerations, and the management of atypical femur fractures (AFFs). Emphasis was placed on incorporating high-quality evidence from 2018 to 2024 to ensure timeliness and comprehensiveness. Evidence Synthesis: Anatomical reduction prior to fixation is the most critical determinant of successful outcomes in SFFs treated with IMN. The choice of reduction technique exists on a spectrum, balancing the biological benefits of minimally invasive surgery against the mechanical necessity of stable fixation. Recent evidence suggests that novel minimally invasive approaches, such as the soft tissue rebalancing technique, can achieve clinical and radiological outcomes equivalent to more invasive open methods while significantly improving operative efficiency. However, these techniques have specific limitations and learning curves. A balanced perspective on IMN reveals not only its clear biomechanical advantages but also potential risks, including iatrogenic malreduction, implant failure, and challenges in revision surgery. The management of AFFs requires distinct strategic modifications due to altered bone pathology and femoral geometry. Conclusions: The optimal management of SFFs requires a versatile, graduated approach to reduction. Surgeons should begin with the least invasive methods and maintain a low threshold to escalate to more direct or open techniques as dictated by fracture complexity to achieve an anatomical result. The proposed clinical algorithm provides a systematic framework for technique selection. While novel techniques show promise, there is a clear need for high-level evidence, including prospective randomized controlled trials, to definitively establish their role. Future advancements in computer navigation, robotics, and implant design may further refine the treatment of these challenging injuries.