Drug discovery, drug development and the emerging world of pharmacogenomics: prospecting for information in a data-rich landscape.

摘要

Drug development is a very expensive and inefficient process. Currently, it takes on average 15 years and costs approximately US $500 million to bring a new drug to market, with the pharmaceutical industry spending more than US $20 billion in identifying and developing drugs in 1998. Twenty-two percent of this total was spent on screening assays and toxicity testing. Yet the rapidly accelerating advances in high-throughput technologies, including screening and robotics, combinatorial chemistry, and genomics makes this an extremely data-rich environment. Add to that the new paradigms of pharmacogenomics and 'customized medicine', and the question is, are we helping or hurting our cause? Clearly, interpreting this flood of data and turning it into useful information is our next great hurdle. By extending the pharmacogenomic paradigm to the drug discovery process, this paper intends to put the scope of the problem into context.