WILL TECHNOLOGICAL UNEMPLOYMENT AND WORKPLACE AUTOMATION GENERATE GREATER CAPITAL–LABOR INCOME IMBALANCES?

摘要

1. IntroductionAutomation takes the place of work, harmonizes it, increases production in manners that generate superior demand for work, and intermingles with modifications in labor supply. Alterations in technology change the kinds of occupations available (Nica, 2016a, b) and what they pay. The interaction between machine and human equivalent ascendancy enables computers to take the place of employees in carrying out standard, codifiable undertakings while intensifying the equivalent ascendancy of employees (Nica, Hurjui, and Stefan (Iftimie), 2016) in providing problem-solving abilities, flexibility, and resourcefulness. A key economic process by which automation influences the demand for work is increasing the significance of the undertakings that employees uniquely provide. Workplace technologies accomplish their labor saving goal. Technological alteration has not eliminated employment for most employees. Automation may not decrease aggregate hiring, even as it cuts down work demands per unit of amount produced. (Autor, 2015)2. The Powerful Reciprocalities between Automation and Work that Raise Output, Increase Returns, and Intensify Demand for workTechnological unemployment may generate significant disparities and a rising gap between the revenue to labor and the earnings to capital. The intrinsic digital logics that alter everything define the Fourth Industrial Revolution that is the mechanisms for vast automation and the decrease of industrial professions. With each subsequent series of technical cutting edge, the logic has gone through major alterations in swiftness and extent (Popescu, 2016a, b; 2015), with an additional stress on mechanisms of abstraction, formalization, and mathematization that empower and recompense independent digital network systems. A particular planetary technical system has come out that links and all main regions with some decentralization in finance, articles of trade, communication, and information: it facilitates access to worldwide markets in quick real time constituting internationallyscaled markets that minimize the size of the initial industrial/colonial system and considerably get a move on all transactions. This system, elaborated and improved, spreading across the planet by competing with natural systems, is vigorous and metamorphic. This indicates the characteristics of chaotic and intricate systems that raise interconnectivity and instability. This epoch of genetics, nanotechnology and robotics introduces the era of distinctiveness, facilitating the reconstructing of the humankind particle by particle. (Peters, 2017) Digital technologies are profoundly associated with relations of power that impact the configuration, direction and results of digital technologies, encompassing within the labor sphere, being produced, used and replicated under circumstances where power is a feature of capital (Popescu, Comanescu, and Sabie, 2016): what types of digital technologies get created, how they are employed and what results they generate, are somewhat subject to the concerns of capital and its representatives. Digital technologies are advanced under capitalism, aiming to raise surplus value production, and being charac- terized and restricted by the pursuit for surplus value. If they endanger surplus value production, subsequently they will be impeded by capital. Insofar as digital technologies are employed for the intentions of surplus value production, they will generate results that are satisfactory for capitalist employers and detrimental for employees. (Spencer, 2016)Undertakings that cannot be replaced with automation are usually supplemented by it. When automation or computerization advances in a labor mechanism more trustworthy, less expensive, or swifter, this raises the significance of the outstanding human connections in the production chain. These principal components may diminish or intensify the effects of technological change: (i) employees are more expected to profit unswe