US Customs & Import Guide

1.Overview — what customs requires

Every shipment of robots into the US passes through CBP (US Customs and Border Protection). Three things determine whether it clears: (a) correct HTS code + duty payment, (b) FCC compliance evidence, (c) all required regulatory paperwork. Get any one wrong and CBP can detain, seize, or send the shipment back at your expense.

2.HTS classification — which code applies

The HTS (Harmonized Tariff Schedule) determines duty rate and any Section 301 tariffs. Misclassification is the single most common customs mistake — and it's expensive (back duties + penalties).

Always verify on hts.usitc.gov — the table above is a 2026 reference. CBP can issue binding rulings via the CROSS database.

3.Section 301 China tariffs

Since July 2018 the US has imposed an additional 25% ad valorem duty on most robotics products imported from China under Section 301 (USTR's response to alleged unfair trade practices). The 25% rate is on top of the standard MFN duty. Reporting requires the Chapter 99 sub-heading 9903.88.03 alongside the standard HTS code at entry.

Exclusions

Some HTS lines have temporary or permanent exclusions from Section 301. The list changes — check USTR's exclusion search before assuming your product is covered. Medical devices have had broader exclusions historically.

4.FCC Form 740 — import declaration for RF devices

Any shipment containing radio-frequency devices (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular — virtually every robot) must include FCC Form 740 with the customs entry. The form declares one of three statuses: (1) device has FCC authorization, (2) device is excluded/exempt, or (3) device is for personal use / R&D / repair.

Common Form 740 mistakes

• Filing 'exempt' for a Wi-Fi device — auto-flagged. CBP will detain.
• FCC ID typo on Form 740 — won't match the FCC database lookup.
• Importing samples without 'R&D' status — gets stuck without FCC Form 740 R&D box checked.
• First-time importers without an EIN — slows everything by 1-2 weeks.

5.Customs broker + required documents

Foreign exporters MUST use a US-licensed customs broker for commercial entries above $2,500. The broker files the customs entry, calculates duties, posts the bond, and represents you to CBP.

Document checklist for every shipment

• ☐Commercial invoice
• ☐Packing list
• ☐Bill of lading / airway bill
• ☐FCC Form 740 (RF devices)
• ☐Importer of Record EIN / IRS ID
• ☐Customs bond ($50K minimum, single-entry $100+)
• ☐FDA Prior Notice (medical devices only)
• ☐Country of origin marking on each unit
• ☐Power supply / battery UN 38.3 cert (Li-ion)
• ☐MSDS for any hazardous materials

6.Import process (6 steps)

7.Total landed cost — where the money goes

8.Frequently asked questions